BG7MEB Radio waves can be reflected off the surface and then reflected back to form a waveguide, and this waveguide can also exist in the upper atmosphere.
I'm having trouble understanding what you mean by "waveguide" in this sentence. Could you clarify your intended meaning? How can there be a waveguide without any boundary conditions?
Regarding the first scheme, the most reliable option appears to be using a tropospheric duct. Once a tropospheric duct is formed, it should provide at least some level of signal strength over distance. Furthermore, based on practical experiments, there have been successful experiments with 1.2 GHz tropospheric ducts, as well as records of GSM DX (distant communication).
As mentioned earlier, theoretically it seems feasible, but in practice, it's simply not possible. Take the GEO Bounce experiment as an example; so far, only PI9RD and HB9Q have completed it.
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